Lo clásico y lo nuevo en el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad / The classic and the new in the treatment of overweight and obesity

Así como planteamos en la primera entrega de esta serie de artículos de actualización sobre la obesidad, resulta urgente revisar el abordaje tradicional que la comunidad médica le ofrece a las personas con cuerpos gordos. En este segundo artículo desarrollaremos en profundidad diferentes alternativas terapéuticas para los pacientes que desean bajar de peso:plan alimentario, actividad física, tratamiento farmacológico y cirugía metabólica. (AU)

As we proposed in the first issue of this series of articles, it is urgent to review the traditional approach that the medical community offers to people with fat bodies. This second article will develop different therapeutic alternatives for patients who want to lose weight: eating plans, physical activity, pharmacological treatment, and metabolic surgery. (AU)

Difference of the Naltrexone's Effects in Social Drinkers by Spicy Food Preference

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in subjective acute effects of alcohol and naltrexone among those who prefer spicy food to varying degrees. Acute biphasic alcohol effects scale (BAES), visual analogue scale for craving (VAS-C), blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and food preference scale were measured in 26 men. Repeated measures ANOVA (2 preference groupsx4 time blocks) on the stimulative subscale of BAES revealed a significant group by block interaction in naltrexone condition (N+) (P<0.001), but not in non-naltrexone condition (N-). Furthermore, repeated measures ANOVA (2 drug groupsx4 time blocks) on the stimulative subscale of BAES revealed a significant group by block interaction in strong preference for spicy food (SP) (P<0.001), but not in lesser preference for spicy food (LP). The paired t-test revealed that significant suppression of the stimulative subscale of BAES was observed at 15 min (P<0.001) and 30 min (P<0.001) after drinking when N+ compared with N- in SP. For those who prefer spicy food, the stimulative effect of acute alcohol administration was suppressed by naltrexone. This result suggests that the effect of naltrexone may vary according to spicy food preference.

Ensaio clínico duplo-cego randomizado e placebocontrolado com naltrexona e intervenção breve no tratamento ambulatorial da dependência de álcool / A double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial with naltrexone and brief intervention in outpatient treatment of alcohol dependence

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia da naltrexona com intervenção breve em pacientes com dependência de álcool. MÉTODO: Este estudo é um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego, placebo-controlado de 12 semanas. A amostra de 71 pacientes foi dividida randomicamente em dois grupos (um recebendo naltrexona e outro placebo). Sujeitos dependentes de álcool foram tratados com 50 mg de naltrexona ou placebo diariamente por 12 semanas. Ambos os grupos de tratamento receberam intervenção breve. Os desfechos clínicos primários para este estudo foram taxa de recaída e mudança no padrão de consumo de álcool. RESULTADOS: Na intenção de tratar, menor porcentagem de sujeitos tratados com naltrexona recaíram (3 por cento 21 por cento; p = 0,054). Naltrexona com intervenção breve não foi superior ao placebo para diminuir os dias de consumo (6,2 + 10,6 3,05 + 7,3; p = 0,478), os dias de consumo moderado (0 2,2 + 6,9; p = 0,345) e os dias de consumo pesado (0,03 + 0,2 0,3 + 0,9; p = 0,887). Naltrexona foi bem tolerada. Os efeitos adversos mais frequentes na presente amostra foram: cefaleia (25,4 por cento), sonolência (20,9 por cento), náuseas (16,4 por cento), hiperfagia (16,4 por cento), anorexia (14,9 por cento), ansiedade (10,4 por cento), pirose (10,4 por cento) e irritabilidade (10,4 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Embora o grupo naltrexona tenha demonstrado tendência para reduzir taxa de recaída (> 5 doses/dia), não foi encontrada nenhuma diferença em outras variáveis de consumo de álcool entre os grupos naltrexona e placebo. Estudos futuros devem examinar a eficácia desse tipo de combinação de tratamento nos cuidados primários de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of naltrexone with brief intervention among patients with alcohol dependence. METHOD: This study is a 12-week randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The sample of 71 patients was randomly divided in two groups (one receiving naltrexone and the other placebo). Alcohol-dependent subjects were treated with 50 mg of naltrexone or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Both treatment groups received brief intervention. The primary results for this study were relapse rate and change in drinking behaviors. RESULTS: In the intention-to-treat fewer naltrexone treated subjects relapsed (3 percent 21 percent; p = 0.054). Naltrexone with brief intervention was not effective in decreasing drinking days (6.2 + 10.6 3.05 + 7.3; p = 0.478), moderate drinking days (0 2.2 + 6.9; p = 0.345) and heavy drinking days (0.03 + 0.2 0.3 + 0.9; p = 0.887). Naltrexone was well tolerated. The most frequent adverse effects in our sample were: headache (25.4 percent), drowsiness (20.9 percent), nausea (16.4 percent), hyperphagia (16.4 percent), anorexia (14.9 percent), anxiety (10.4 percent), heartburn (10.4 percent) and irritability (10.4 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Although the naltrexone group showed a tendency to reduce relapse rate (> 5 drinks/day), no differences were found in other alcohol consumption variables between naltrexone and placebo groups. Further studies should examine the efficacy of this kind of treatment combination in the primary health care.

Actualización del tratamiento farmacológico de la dependencia alcohólica / Pharmacological review of alcoholic dependence treatment

El objetivo de la presente actualización farmacológica es abordar la problemática de la dependencia alcohólica. Partiendo de las bases biológicas y del impacto del etanol sobre los sistemas neurobiológicos y de neurotransmisión, se hará una revisión de las principales herramientas farmacológicas para el tratamiento de la dependencia alcohólica. El disulfiram, la naltrexona y el acamprosato, todas ellas con aprobación por la FDA (Food and Drug Administration) han mostrado mecanismos de acción, perfiles de eficacia, tolerabilidad y adherencia dispares. También nos referiremos al topiramato, el que está siendo estudiado actualmente con relación a esta indicación.

The aim of the present pharmacological update is to revise the problem of alcohol dependence. Starting from the biological bases and the impact of alcohol on the neurobiological and neurotransmission systems, a revision of the main pharmacological tools for alcohol dependence treatment will be done. Disulfiram, naltrexone, acamprosate, all of them approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), have shown mechanisms of action, efficacy, tolerance and adherence dissimilar. We will also refer to topiramate, which is being studied for this indication.